The indigenous people of New Zealand are known as Maori, or tangata whenua. They make up about 15 percent of New Zealand’s population. Like many cultures, Maori have a vibrant creative culture that is unique and celebrates their beliefs.
Until the 1800s, the Maori people did not have a written language, so they used carving to preserve their history and culture. In fact, it is not unusual to see elaborate carvings on Maori houses, boats and even jewelry. Many of the shapes have meanings, and the carvers use these shapes in their work to record history, tell a story or express their beliefs. The carvers also make distinctive masks and statues.
Every Maori tribe has its own designs that have special meaning to the tribe members, and the carvers pass them down from one generation to the next. Like many ancient art forms, the carvers learn from masters and can spend 10 years or more as an apprentice learning the traditions and skills of the trade.
Some of the designs commonly used in traditional Maori carving include:
Koru (spiral)–This shape depicts an unfurled fern leaf. It represents harmony, growth and new beginnings.
Hei Matau (Fish Hook)–This shape represents prosperity, determination, strength and good health. It also provides for a safe journey over water.
Single Twist–The Maori carving of a single twist symbolizes the path of life of an individual.
Double or Triple twist–This design is one of the most popular Maori carving designs. Unlike the single twist, which represents an individual, the double and triple twist symbolizes the joining of two or more people or cultures for eternity. The shape represents loyalty and friendship that stays strong through the many challenges of life.
Manaia–This Maori carving depicts a spiritual guardian. The figure is traditionally carved with the head of a bird, a fish tail and a man’s body. The Manaia looks after an individual’s spirit and guides the spirit to where it is supposed to go upon death.
Hei Tiki–Since ancient times, the Maori have considered the tiki a good luck charm. These Maori carvings were valuable possessions handed down from generation to generation. It was believed that wearing this Maori carving would strengthen character.
Whale Tail–This Maori carving represents strength but also sensitivity. This is one of the many Maori shapes that symbolize protection.
Dolphin–This design represents a free spirit and closeness to nature, especially the ocean. The dolphin is also one of the many Maori carvings that represent protection.
Sources: www.newzealand.com , www.newzealand.com/travel/en/media/topic-index/maori-culture/maori-culture_home.cfm, http://maorisource.com/Maori-Carving-Designs.html, www.tepuia.com/new-zealand/Wood-carving-school
